Cladistic Analysis

Nineteen taxa comprising 16 ingroup species and 3 outgroup species were analyzed using 43 morphological characters. The characters are listed in table 2. Most characters are illustrated and character and character states pointed out in the illustrations (e.g., 2-0 in fig. 3E refers to character 2 and state 0 in table 2). The matrix is provided as table 3. Sixteen characters were coded as multistate, eight of which were coded as nonadditive (11, 17, 22, 24, 29, 36, 37, 41). The ingroup species comprise the three species of Exocarpocoris, four species of Ancoraphylus, and 9 species of Polyozus, all of which are revised herein. The three outgroup species of Phylini used, which are deposited at the AMNH, are an unidentified species of Campylomma from Australia, Opuna annulatus (Knight, 1935), with an Indopacific distribution, and an undescribed Australian species close to or congeneric with Xiphoides Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (referred to as Xiphoides for the purposes of this project).

TABLE 2

List of Characters and Discussion of Character Optimization

TABLE 3

Character Matrix

The heuristic search under equal weights was run through WinClada in NONA (hold10000; hold/100; mult*100;) (fig. 18). The relative degree of support for each node was calculated with NONA using up to 10 extra steps (h10000; bsupport10;) and is shown on figure 18 above the branches in square boxes. Pee-Wee was used for analysis with implied weighting (hold10000; hold/100; mult*100; jump50;), with a k value of N  =  3 (fig. 19). The character distributions shown in figures 18 and 19 are unambiguous optimizations (homoplasy setting: any additional step treated as homoplastic), but the consequences of fast and slow character optimization as implemented in WinClada are discussed in the character discussion. Numbers (in gray circles) were assigned to nodes and clades and are referred to in the discussion.

To gain insights into the evolution of insect–host plant relationships in this group of Phylini, the distributions of host plants were analyzed on the cladogram. Following the approach of Carpenter (1989), the host plant genus was coded as a character state, deactivated during analysis, and then optimized on the unweighted cladogram.

Type Species

Ancoraphylus arctous, new species.

Diagnosis

Recognized among Phylini by the small size, elongate ovoid body, orange, red, and/or cream coloration, mixture of suberect dark and subadpressed, flattened, silvery setae, and characters of the male genitalia, that is, the ornamentation of the pygophore, the shape and armature of the left paramere, absence of a median, apical process on the vesica, and greater length and curvature of the process arising close to the secondary gonopore. Among Australian Phylini, similar to Polyozus Eyles and Schuh and Exocarpocoris, n.gen. with respect to characters of the male (e.g., shape of vesica, presence of process arising close to secondary gonopore) and female genitalia (ornamentation of posterior wall and dorsal labiate plate) and the type of vestiture, but distinguished by size, shape, and coloration as well as the characters of the male genitalia enumerated above.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small to medium-sized (2.77–3.57), elongate ovoid. COLORATION (figs. 1, 2): General coloration either uniformly pale orange, red and orange with cream marks, or cream and orange with red spots and patches, membrane infuscate with pale marks, veins pale. Head: Orange or pale orange, sometimes with base of clypeus infuscate and paired longitudinal stripes on clypeus, maxillary plate, and gena reddish orange or with central spot on mandibular plate, clypeus, antennal fossa, parts of gena and gula cream. Antennal segments pale, first segment sometimes with one or two brown rings, segments 3 and 4 infuscate or weakly so. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex or with apical segment dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum either uniformly pale orange, or anterior lobe of pronotum orange, posterior lobe orange, red, and cream, mesonotum and scutellum mostly orange or red, with tip of scutellum cream. Pleura either uniformly orange or propleuron cream with large central orange spot, mesopleuron mostly orange or orange and cream, metapleuron orange or orange and cream, evaporatorium cream or cream and orange. Legs: Pale orange, tarsi slightly infuscate, small dark spots on pro- and mesofemur limited to distal third or distal half, spots larger on metafemur, extending almost to base of femur or covering entire femur, tibial spines dark, with dark bases. Hemelytra: Orange with pale areas and brown suffusion, largely red with cream areas, or cream with red spots and patches. Abdomen: Venter either uniformly orange or generally cream with lateral orange spots or stripes, pygophore usually orange. SURFACE AND VESTITURE (fig. 4A): Dorsum and hemelytra weakly shining, vestiture comprising rather dense cover of dark suberect simple setae and flattened, subadpressed silvery setae with parallel ridges. STRUCTURE: Head: small, broadly triangular in dorsal view, vertex almost twice as wide as eye, anteocular area short and gently sloping in lateral view, clypeus slightly produced. Eyes of moderate size (fig. 3A), extending over three-fourths of height of head, weakly emarginate at anterior margin to accommodate antennal fossa, posterolateral margin contiguous with anterolateral margin of pronotum. Antennal fossa adjacent to eye. Antennal segment 1 slender and short, slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length and slender, diameter nearly uniform over length of segment, segments 3 and 4 slender. Labium slender, apex reaching base of mesocoxa, surpassing base of mesocoxa, or reaching base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long, anterior margin almost straight, lateral margins gently sloping, posterior margin weakly concave, anterior and posterior lobes and calli on anterior lobe weakly demarcated, scutellum equilateral. Legs: Slender and moderately long. Claws (fig. 5A) slender and moderately long, pulvilli extending over little more than basal half of claw, parempodia setiform. Hemelytra: Slightly convex, cuneus triangular or broadly triangular. Abdomen (fig. 3A): Ranging from slender to stout, reaching from middle to almost apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore (fig. 6A): Of moderate size or large, slender or moderately stout, occupying from one-third to almost half of abdomen, with small tubercle or large spine on left side anterior to opening. Parameres: Right paramere (figs. 6A, B, 7) either of moderate size, moderately broad, and lanceolate with straight, acute, short tip or very large and elongate, with apical fourth strongly bent anteriad, posterodistal surface either smooth or with small hook-shaped process; left paramere (figs. 6A, B, 8) large, body elongate rectangular, elongate ovate, or almost triangular in dorsal view, with either lateral margin extended into distinct process or with process on margin of posterior rim anterior process of moderate length, curved in dorsal view or forming right angle with body of paramere, posterior process long and slender or moderately stout, apex truncate, tapering or knob-shaped in lateral view, bent ventrad in lateral view. Phallotheca (fig. 10): Of phyline type, of moderate size, external portion curved and irregular, with or without basal, dorsal process, shallow flanges on the dorsal side, with or without shallow flange with irregular margin on ventral side, opening ventral, ovate. Vesica (fig. 12): J-shaped, of moderate size, with dorsal and ventral apical processes forming anchor-shaped apex; dorsal apical process slender and elongate, with or without elongate triangular process on dorsal surface; ventral apical process long and slender, with or without basal process, connected to ventral sclerotized strap of vesica; secondary gonopore at about midpoint of vesica, facing caudad, with slender process of moderate length arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore, circular in cross section and often twisted or curled.

Female: Similar to male in coloration, size, and body shape; very limited sexual dimorphism. For details of female genitalia, see figure 14. All species with posterior wall with fields of spicules and paired posterior processes, and dorsal labiate plate with paired areas with microtrichia.

Etymology

Named for the anchor-shaped vesica, after the Latin noun “ancora(e)” (f.) meaning anchor, combined with the generic name Phylus to emphasize its systematic position within Miridae; masculine.

Host

The three species of Ancoraphylus, for which host plants are known, occur on species of the genus Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae).

Discussion

Ancoraphylus is set apart from the two other genera in the Polyozus group by the presence of a tubercle or spine on the pygophore, a feature otherwise known in some probably not closely related North American taxa, such as Phymatopsallus Knight. Please refer to discussion of the cladistic analysis for detailed information on other characters.

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Pilbara Dist., Hillside-Marble Bar Rd, 66.1 km SW of Marble Bar, 21.51928°S 119.3805°E, 226 m, 29 May 1999, G. Cassis, R. Silveira, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087358) (WAMP).

Diagnosis

Distinguished from other species of Ancoraphylus by the uniform pale orange coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the shape of right and left parameres (figs. 7, 8), and the vesica with dorsal apical process with elongate triangular process on dorsal surface (fig. 12), ventral apical process with basal process. Shape of elongate and apically bent right paramere only shared with A. mariala.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, elongate ovoid; total length 2.84–3.17, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.98–2.07, width across pronotum 0.90–1.00. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration pale orange, with pale cuneus, membrane dark with pale veins and some clear areas. Head: Head pale orange, fasciae indistinct. Antennal segments pale, segments 3 and 4 infuscate. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum pale orange; pleura orange or pale orange. Legs: Small dark spots on fore and middle femora limited to distal third, extending toward base on hindfemur. Hemelytra: Orange or pale orange, cuneus lighter orange with anterior margin with crescent-shaped pale area, distal and posterior margin of embolium suffused with brown, membrane light brown with two white patches on anterior margin of hemelytron distal to apex of cuneus and one mark distal to apex of posterior cell, veins white. Abdomen: Including pygophore uniformly pale orange. STRUCTURE: Head: Labium reaching metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long; evaporatory area of metathoracic gland as in figure 3B. Hemelytra: Cuneus broadly triangular. Abdomen: Slender, almost reaching apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Of moderate size, slender, taking up about one-third of abdomen, with small tubercle on left side anterior to opening of pygophore. Parameres: Right paramere (figs. 6A, B, 7) very large and elongate, with apical fourth strongly bent anteriad, posterodistal surface with small hooklike process; left paramere (figs. 6A, B, 8) large, anterior process of moderate length, curved in dorsal view, posterior process long and slender, truncate in lateral view, strongly bent ventrad in lateral view, paramere body elongate rectangular in dorsal view, with anterolateral corner extended into distinct process. Phallotheca (fig. 10): With basal, dorsal process, and with shallow flange with irregular margin on ventral side. Vesica (fig. 12): Dorsal apical process with elongate, triangular process on dorsal surface; ventral apical process with basal process.

Female: Similar to male in coloration and of about same size, slightly stouter. Total length 2.77–3.11, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.87–2.07, width across pronotum 0.94–1.00. Genitalia (fig. 14): Vestibulum not distinctly sclerotized, sclerotized rings quadrate, small, set far from each other, bursa copulatrix posterior to median oviduct with median fold and paired invaginations beset with small spicules, posterior wall with asymmetrical sclerotizations, with two pairs of processes, posterior pair small and with acute apex, beset with spicules.

Etymology

Named for its relatively northern distribution in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, after the Latin adjective “arctous, -a, um”, meaning northern.

Host

Unknown.

Distribution

Known from two collecting sites in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and southern Northern Territory (fig. 15).

Discussion

Ancoraphylus arctous is set apart from the three other species of the genus Ancoraphylus by the pale orange coloration. In the present analysis it is treated as the sister species of A. mariala (figs. 18, 19) since the two species share the unusual shape of the right paramere and some structural detail of the vesica (fig. 7).

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: 15 miles W of Pine Hill, 22.38514°S 133.05447°E, 18 Feb 1966, J.A. Grant, 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00173837–AMNH_PBI 00173843), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00173844–00173846) (BMNH). Western Australia: Pilbara Dist., Hillside-Marble Bar Rd, 66.1 km SW of Marble Bar, 21.51928°S 119.3805°E, 226 m, 29 May 1999, G. Cassis, R. Silveira, 13♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087550, AMNH_PBI 00087678–00087687, AMNH_PBI 00088323, AMNH_PBI 00088329), 14♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087359, AMNH_PBI 00087695–00087700, AMNH_PBI 00088339, AMNH_PBI 00088340, AMNH_PBI 00088350, AMNH_PBI 00088357–00088360), 1 immature (AMNH_PBI 00087692) (AM), 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087674–00087677), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087693, AMNH_PBI 00087694) (AMNH). 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088336), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088346) (CNC). 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088328), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088345) (USNM). 15♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087688–00087691, AMNH_PBI 00088324–00088327, AMNH_PBI 00088330, AMNH_PBI 00088331, AMNH_PBI 00088333–00088335, AMNH_PBI 00088337, AMNH_PBI 00088338), 12♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088341–00088344, AMNH_PBI 00088347, AMNH_PBI 00088348, AMNH_PBI 00088351–00088356) (WAMP). 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088332), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088349) (ZISP).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: 184 km E of Stuart Highway on Lasseter Highway, 25.23334°S 131.5703°E, 510 m, 31 Oct 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Wall, Acacia cf. brachystachya Benth. (Fabaceae) NSW 666270, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00098022) (AM).

Diagnosis

Distinguished from other species of Ancoraphylus by the mostly red and orange coloration, with this being shared only with A. carolus, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the shape of right and left parameres, and the vesica without process on the dorsal and ventral apical process. Closest in external appearance and shape of vesica to A. carolus, but distinguished by the small tubercle on the pygophore (large spine in A. carolus), absence of a large process on the lateral margin of the left paramere (large process in A. carolus), and slightly smaller size of the vesica in A. auski than in A. carolus.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, elongate ovoid; total length 2.77–3.57; length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.80–2.23, width across pronotum 0.93–1.09. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration red and cream, head pale orange or cream, pronotum orange and cream with large red marks, scutellum red with cream tip, hemelytron red with base, claval suture, and base of cuneus cream, membrane infuscate with pale veins. Head: Pale orange, fasciae indistinct, sometimes with base of clypeus infuscate and paired longitudinal stripes on clypeus, maxillary plate, and gena reddish orange. Antennal segments pale, first segment usually with two brown rings, segments 3 and 4 infuscate. Labium pale, apical segment dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum with anterior lobe pale orange or orange, posterior lobe cream with large submedian orange marks, mesonotum red or orange, scutellum red or orange with cream tip; propleuron cream with large central orange spot, mesopleuron mostly orange, metapleuron orange, evaporatorium cream. Legs: Small dark spots on pro- and mesofemur limited to distal half, spots larger on metafemur, covering entire femur. Hemelytra: Red, with base, costal margin, line along claval suture, proximal and anterior part of cuneus cream, membrane light brown with two indistinct pale patches on anterior margin of hemelytron distal to apex of cuneus and one mark distal to apex of posterior cell, veins pale. Abdomen: Including pygophore either uniformly pale orange or cream with lateral reddish orange marks on segments 2–8. STRUCTURE: Head: Labium reaching mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum slightly wider than long. Hemelytra: Cuneus triangular. Abdomen: Slender, reaching middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Large, moderately stout, taking up almost half of abdomen, with small tubercle on left side anterior to opening of pygophore. Parameres: Right paramere (fig. 7) of moderate size, moderately broad, and lanceolate with straight, acute, short tip; left paramere (fig. 8) large, anterior process of moderate length, curved in dorsal view, posterior process long and very slender, strongly bent ventrad in lateral view, paramere body elongate ovate in dorsal view, with process on margin of posterior rim. Phallotheca (fig. 10): Without basal, dorsal process and without shallow flange with irregular margin on ventral side. Vesica (fig. 12): Apical process without elongate triangular process on dorsal surface; ventral apical process without basal process.

Female: Size and coloration similar to male. Total length 2.94–3.26, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.91–2.14, width across pronotum 0.97–1.13.

Etymology

Named for the type locality.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded on Acacia cf. brachystachya Benth. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae).

Distribution

Known from the Pilbara region in Western Australia and one locality in the Northern Territory (fig. 15).

Discussion

In the cladistic analysis (figs. 18, 19) Ancoraphylus auski has an ambivalent position as either the sister species of the remaining species of Ancoraphylus (fig. 19) or the sister species to A. arctous + A. mariala (fig. 18).

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: 184 km E of Stuart Highway on Lasseter Highway, 25.23334°S 131.5703°E, 510 m, 31 Oct 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Wall, Acacia cf. brachystachya Benth. (Fabaceae) NSW 666270, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00098026, AMNH_PBI 00139426), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00098027, AMNH_PBI 00098030, AMNH_PBI 00098031) (AMNH). Western Australia: Pilbara Dist., 28.3 km S of Auski Roadhouse on the Great Northern Highway, 22.61611°S 118.7042°E, 700 m, 31 May 1999, G. Cassis, R. Silveira, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087354, AMNH_PBI 00088379–00088381), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088384, AMNH_PBI 00088385, AMNH_PBI 00088387) (AM). 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088374–00088377), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087355, AMNH_PBI 00088383) (WAMP).

Other Specimens Examined: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Pilbara Dist., 28.3 km S of Auski Roadhouse on the Great Northern Highway, 22.61611°S 118.7042°E, 700 m, 31 May 1999, G. Cassis, R. Silveira, 1 immature (AMNH_PBI 00088382) (AM).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 14.2 km E of Charleville, 26.42171°S 146.3756°E, 375 m, 31 Oct 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia aneura var. latifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427682, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088361) (AM).

Diagnosis

Distinguished from other species of Ancoraphylus by the mostly red and orange coloration, which is only shared with A. auski, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the shape of right and left parameres, and the vesica without process on the dorsal and ventral apical process. Closest in external appearance and shape of the vesica to A. auski, but distinguished by the large spine on the pygophore (small tubercle in A. auski), the large process on the lateral margin of the left paramere (absent in A. auski), and slightly larger size of the vesica in A. carolus than in A. auski.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, elongate ovoid; total length 2.79–2.94; length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.78–1.96, width across pronotum 0.88–0.98. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration red, orange, and cream, with head and thorax dorsally mostly orange, hemelytron red with base, line along claval suture, and slim crescent-shaped area on cuneal margin cream, membrane slightly infuscate with pale area distal to anterior membrane cell, veins pale. Head: Orange, with central spot on mandibular plate, clypeus, antennal fossa, parts of gena and gula cream. Antennal segments pale, first segment usually with pale brown, subbasal ring, segments 3 and 4 weakly infuscate. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum with anterior lobe orange, posterior lobe orange, posterior margin with median and lateral cream patches, mesonotum orange, scutellum orange with cream tip; propleuron cream with large central orange spot, mesopleuron orange, metapleuron orange, evaporatorium orange and cream. Legs: Small dark reddish spots on pro- and mesofemur limited to distal half, spots larger on metafemur, extending to almost base of femur. Hemelytra: Red, with base lighter or cream, line along claval suture and proximal, crescent-shaped area of cuneus cream, membrane slightly infuscate, with pale area distal to anterior membrane cell, veins pale. Abdomen: Cream with lateral, transverse, orange stripes, sometimes segment 2 suffused with green, pygophore orange, process slightly darker. STRUCTURE: Head: Labium surpassing base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum slightly wider than long. Hemelytra: Cuneus broadly triangular. Abdomen: Relatively slender, reaching middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Relatively large, stout, taking up almost half of abdomen, with large spine on left side anterior to opening of pygophore. Parameres: Right paramere (fig. 7) of moderate size, moderately broad, and lanceolate with straight, acute, short tip; left paramere (fig. 8) large, anterior process short, curved in dorsal view, posterior process long and slender, with knob-shaped apex in lateral view, very strongly bent ventrad in lateral view, paramere body almost triangular in dorsal view, with large erect process on lateral margin. Phallotheca (fig. 10): With basal, dorsal process and without shallow flange with irregular margin on ventral side. Vesica (fig. 12): Apical process without elongate triangular process on dorsal surface; ventral apical process without basal process.

Female: Coloration similar to male, sometimes slightly lighter, of same size as male. Total length 2.69–2.88, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.69–1.95, width across pronotum 0.88–1.00.

Etymology

Named for the type locality Charleville, as a Latinized adjective.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded from Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae).

Distribution

Known from one collecting event in central Queensland (fig. 15). Given the wide distribution of its host A. aneura in the interior of Australia (as shown in the AVH database), a wider distribution would also be expected for Ancoraphylus carolus.

Discussion

Ancoraphylus carolus is treated as the sister species to A. arctous and A. mariala in the analysis conducted using Pee-Wee (fig. 19) because of the large basal spine on the phallotheca. Its position is reversed with A. auski in the unweighted analysis, where A. carolus appears a the sister species of the remaining species of Ancoraphylus.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 14.2 km E of Charleville, 26.42171°S 146.3756°E, 375 m, 31 Oct 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia aneura var. latifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427682, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087481, AMNH_PBI 00088362), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088363–00088365) (AM). Acacia aneura var. latifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427682, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087273), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087274) (AMNH).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 143 km WNW of Charleville, Mariala National Park, 25.99111°S 145.00138°E, 430 m, 01 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia stowardii Maiden (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427683, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00130512) (AM).

Diagnosis

Distinguished from other species of Ancoraphylus by the predominantly cream coloration with red spots and patches, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the shape of right and left parameres, and the vesica with dorsal apical process with elongate triangular process on dorsal surface, ventral apical process with basal process.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, elongate ovoid; total length 2.84–3.17, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.98–2.07, width across pronotum 0.90–1.00. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration cream and orange, with red spots and patches, membrane slightly infuscate with pale area distal to anterior membrane cell, veins pale. Head: Orange, with central spot on mandibular plate, clypeus, antennal fossa, parts of gena and gula cream. Antennal segments pale, first segment usually with pale brown, subbasal ring, segments 3 and 4 weakly infuscate. Labium pale, apical segment dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum with anterior lobe orange, posterior lobe patchy cream and red, mesonotum orange with some cream areas, scutellum pale orange with cream tip; propleuron cream with large central dark orange spot, mesopleuron orange and cream dorsal area, metapleuron including evaporatorium orange and cream. Legs: Small dark reddish spots on pro- and mesofemur limited to distal half, spots larger on metafemur, extending to almost base of femur. Hemelytra: Cream, with irregular red spots and patches, denser on exocorium adjacent to claval suture than elsewhere, cuneus cream with large, red central spot, membrane slightly infuscate, with pale area distal to anterior membrane cell, veins pale. Abdomen: With segments 2–8 cream with lateral orange patches, pygophore orange. STRUCTURE: Head: Labium reaching metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long. Hemelytra: Cuneus triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Large, stout, occupying almost half of abdomen, with small tubercle on left side anterior to opening. Parameres: Right paramere (fig. 7) very large and elongate, with apical fourth strongly bent anteriad, posterodistal surface smooth; left paramere (fig. 8) large, anterior process short, almost at right angle to body of paramere in dorsal view, posterior process relatively long and moderately stout, with truncate apex in lateral view, bent ventrad in lateral view, paramere body elongate rectangular in dorsal view, with large erect process on lateral margin. Phallotheca (fig. 10): With basal, dorsal process and with shallow flange with irregular margin on ventral side. Vesica (fig. 12): Dorsal apical process with elongate triangular process on dorsal surface; ventral apical process with basal process.

Female: Size and coloration similar to male. Total length 2.77–3.11, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.87–2.07, width across pronotum 0.94–1.00.

Etymology

Named for the type locality.

Host (Appendix 1)

This species was recorded from Acacia stowardii Maiden (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae).

Distribution

Known from two localities in central Queensland, Australia (fig. 15).

Discussion

Ancoraphylus mariala is here treated as the sister species of A. arctous, due to, among other characters, the structure of the greatly enlarged right paramere.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 143 km WNW of Charleville, Mariala National Park, 25.99111°S 145.00138°E, 430 m, 01 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia stowardii Maiden (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427683, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087125, AMNH_PBI 00088366–00088368), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087126, AMNH_PBI 00088369–00088373) (AM). Acacia stowardii Maiden (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427683, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00130513–00130517), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00130518–00130520) (AMNH). 146 km NW of Quilpie, 25.8587°S 143.3993°E, 230 m, 03 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Acacia stowardii Maiden (Fabaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427684, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00130221, AMNH_PBI 00130222) (AMNH).

Type Species

Exocarpocoris tantulus, new species.

Diagnosis

Recognized among Phylini by the small to moderate size (2.07–2.94), ovoid and stout or elongate ovoid body, combination of cream, yellow, and brown coloration or a yellow and brown color pattern, with distal part of corium and clavus brown or dark brown, resulting in crescent-shaped dark mark, mixture of suberect dark and subadpressed, flattened, silvery setae, and characters of the male genitalia, that is, the J-shaped, large vesica, with dorsal apical process at right angle to body of vesica and ventral apical almost straight, dorsal apical process either slender, elongate, and tapering or short and truncate, with or without squarish or triangular process, ventral apical process slender, connected to ventral sclerotized strap of vesica, secondary gonopore just distal to middle of vesica, facing caudad and slightly left, process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore varying from moderate length to very long, laterally flattened and broad, bent or coiled, sometimes coiling around ventral apical process, its broad base arising just ventral to secondary gonopore. Among Australian Phylini, similar to Polyozus and Ancoraphylus, with respect to the type of vestiture, and characters of the male (e.g., shape of vesica, presence of process arising close to secondary gonopore) and female genitalia (ornamentation of posterior wall and dorsal labiate plate). Distinguished from these genera by the usually yellow, brown, and cream coloration, dark U-shaped mark on the distal part of the corium, the white cuneus, and characters of the male genitalia such as the flattened and broad process arising from the left strap of the vesica.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, ovoid or elongate ovate, total length 2.40–2.94, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.49–1.98, width across pronotum 0.92–1.20. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration yellow or orange, white, sometimes with brown or light brown suffusion. Head: Yellow or white, mandibular and maxillary plates, gena, and gula often paler than remaining head and with greenish tinge. Antennal segments pale yellowish, gradually infuscate toward apex starting apically on segment 2. Labium pale yellow, last segment moderately or strongly infuscate. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum either yellow or pale yellow, sometimes with whitish marks with green tinge, or whitish with green tinge with orange marks. Pleura yellow, pale yellow, or whitish with orange and green marks, evaporatorium pale yellow or whitish. Legs: Yellow or pale yellow, tibiae distally and tarsi slightly suffused, femora uniformly pale or with few small light brown spots in distal third of all femora or in distal third of meso- and metafemur and in distal half of metafemur, tibial spines dark with dark or pale bases. Hemelytra: Corium including clavus yellow, pale yellow, or whitish, with distal part of corium and clavus brown or suffused with brown, resulting in crescent-shaped mark, cuneus white, membrane brown with white marks and with white veins. Abdomen: Abdomen including pygophore either uniformly yellow or pale yellow with green tinge or whitish with transverse brown and orange bands and pygophore whitish with orange marks. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, vestiture comprising dark suberect simple setae and flattened, subadpressed silvery setae, with oblique ridges (fig. 4B). STRUCTURE: Head: Small or of moderate size, broad or very broad, with vertex 1.5–2.0 times as wide as eye, anteocular area short and almost vertical or of moderate length, clypeus slightly, distinctly, or strongly produced. Eye small to moderate (fig. 3C), about one-half to three-fourths of height of head, anterior margin slightly or not emarginate to accommodate antennal fossa, posterolateral margin contiguous with anterolateral margin of pronotum. Antennal fossa either removed from anteroventral margin of eye by about diameter of antennal segment 1 or adjacent to fossa. Antennal segment 1 slender and short, ranging from not reaching to slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length, slender, diameter slightly increasing toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 longer than segment 4. Labium slender, length variable, apex either only reaching base of mesocoxa or base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long or much wider than long, anterior margin almost straight, lateral margins gently sloping, posterior margin almost straight, anterior and posterior lobes not distinct, calli weakly demarcated, scutellum equilateral; evaporatory area of metathoracic gland as in figure 3D. Legs: Either moderately stout and short or slender and moderately long. Claws (fig. 5B) small and slender, with pulvilli almost covering entire ventral surface of claw, or long and slender, with pulvilli covering no more than proximal half, parempodia setiform. Hemelytra: Costal margin straight or slightly convex; cuneus broadly triangular. Abdomen: Either very stout or slender, reaching to about apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore (figs. 6C): Either very large and broad, taking up about one half of abdomen, or of moderate size taking up about one-third of abdomen. Parameres: Right paramere (fig. 7) short and broad or more broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate; left paramere (fig. 6D, E) large or of moderate size, anterior process short and stout, posterior process of moderate length, gradually tapering, straight, or slightly bent ventrad in lateral view, paramere body elongate, extended into more or less distinct, almost horizontal lobe. Phallotheca (figs. 6D, 10): Of phyline type, large or of moderate size, external portion tubular, only slightly tapering toward blunt apex, smooth or with low flange dorsally on anterior or posterior surface; opening ventral, slitlike. Vesica (fig. 12): J-shaped, large or of moderate size, body stout or slender, with long or moderately long dorsal and ventral apical processes forming roughly anchor-shaped apex; dorsal apical process either slender, elongate, and tapering or short and truncate, with or without squarish or triangular process; ventral apical process slender, connected to ventral sclerotized strap of vesica; secondary gonopore just distal to middle of vesica, facing caudad and slightly left; process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore varying from moderate length to very long, laterally flattened and broad, bent or coiled, sometimes coiling around ventral apical process, base of process broad, arising just ventral to secondary gonopore.

Female: Limited sexual dimorphism, same coloration and only slightly longer and wider than male. Female genitalia with posterior wall with fields of spicules and paired posterior processes, and dorsal labiate plate with paired areas with microtrichia (fig. 14).

Etymology

Named for the host plant of the three known species, Exocarpos Labill., combined with Greek “korios”, meaning “bug”; masculine.

Host

The three known species breed on Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae) based on several collecting events.

Discussion

Species of this genus appear to be closely associated with their common host plant Exocarpos aphyllus (assuming that the few records of E. aurum and E. praegracilis on Melaleuca unciniata are sitting rather than breeding hosts). Even though about 10 species of Exocarpos occur in Australia, and some of these were sampled during the Schuh and Cassis collecting trips, Exocarpocoris was recorded only from one of these species. Exocarpocoris aurum and E. tantulus do not only share the same species of host plant and have broadly overlapping distributions, but they are also frequently collected during the same collecting event (i.e., they also have overlapping phenology).

Fig. 1.

Habitus photographs of Ancoraphylus spp., Exocarpocoris spp., and Polyozus pp.

Fig. 2.

Habitus photographs of Polyozus spp.

Species of this genus are somewhat greenish in life, but the color is fading when they are killed and dried.

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 5 km SW of Whyalla, 33.05085°S 137.5004°E, 30 m, 21 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056209, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00137581) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the moderate size (2.40–2.85), ovoid body, and broad head, pale brown and yellow coloration, distal area of corium brown, cuneus pale, and characters of the male genitalia, that is, the large vesica with anchor-shaped apex with dorsal apical process tubular, coiled, without appendage, ventral apical process elongate, almost straight, bent at tip, connected to sclerotized strap of vesical body, ventral process arising close to gonopore very long, broad, and laterally flattened, apex with irregular protuberances. Body shape most similar to E. tantulus, but distinguished by the different coloration (fig. 1), larger size, and characters of the male vesica, that is, the much shorter process arising close to the secondary gonopore in E. aurum (fig. 12).

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, ovoid; total length 2.40–2.85, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.69–1.94, width across pronotum 1.10–1.20. COLORATION (fig. 1): General color yellow and white, often with light brown suffusion. Head: Yellow, vertex with whitish mark median to inner margin of eye, maxillary, mandibular plates, and gena light yellow, buccula, and gula almost white, and slightly tinged green. Labium pale yellow, last segment strongly infuscate. Thorax: Pronotum yellow with calli and posterior margin sometimes paler, whitish with green tinge, mesonotum and scutellum yellow with median area whitish. Pleura yellow, margins of propleuron, mesepisternum, and mesepimeron somewhat paler, evaporatorium very pale, almost white. Legs: Yellow, tibiae distally and tarsi slightly suffused, with few small light brown spots in distal third of all femora, tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium including clavus yellow, exocorium, distal parts of endocorium, and clavus distinctly suffused with brown, resulting in faint, crescent-shaped mark, cuneus white, membrane brown, usually with two white patches on anterior margin of hemelytron adjacent to cuneus, white mark distal to apex of posterior cell, and a white mark distal to clavus, veins white. Abdomen including pygophore: Yellow, sometimes with the basal segments more intensely yellow or orange and segments 8 and 9 whitish with green tinge. STRUCTURE: Head: Of moderate size, very broadly triangular in dorsal aspect, vertex about twice as wide as eye, anteocular area short, almost vertical, clypeus slightly produced, maxillary plate sunken, eye small, only a little more than half of height of head, not emarginate since antennal fossa removed from eye. Antenna with antennal fossa removed from anterior ventral margin of eye by about diameter of antennal segment 1. Antennal segment 1 slender and short, barely reaching apex of head. Labium slender, apex of labium barely surpassing base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum much wider than long. Legs: Moderately stout and short. Claws long and slender, pulvilli covering no more than proximal half of ventral surface of claw. Hemelytra: Slightly convex, cuneus triangular. Abdomen: Very stout, reaching to about apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Very large and broad, taking up almost half of abdomen. Parameres: Right paramere broad (fig. 7); left paramere large, with posterior process straight and with tapering apex, body with large horizontal lobe (fig. 8). Phallotheca (fig. 10): Large, smooth. Vesica (fig. 12): Large, body slender, with long dorsal and ventral apical processes; dorsal apical process slender and tapering; process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore long.

Fig. 3.

Habitus in lateral view and evaporatorium of A, B, Ancoraphylus arctous (AMNH_PBI 00087680); C, D, Exocarpocoris tantulus (AMNH_PBI 00135796); E, F, Polyozus kojonup (AMNH_PBI 00136470).

Fig. 4.

Setae comprising hemelytral vestiture. A, Ancoraphylus arctous (AMNH_PBI 00087680); B, Exocarpocoris tantulus (AMNH_PBI 00135796); C, Polyozus bulita (AMNH_PBI 00168436); D, P. furcilla (AMNH_PBI 00099437); E, P. galbanus (AMNH_PBI 00139062); F, P. kojonup (AMNH_PBI 00136470). Scale bar: 50 μm.

Female: Coloration similar to male, slightly longer and stouter. Total length 2.83–2.98, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.95–2.07, width across pronotum 1.16–1.23.

Etymology

Named for the golden yellow coloration, after Latin “aurum, -i” (n.) meaning gold or anything made of gold.

Host (Appendix 1)

The vast majority of specimens were recorded from Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae).

Distribution

The range of distribution extends from South Australia to the south of Western Australia (fig. 16).

Discussion

Exocarpocoris aurum is closely related to E. tantulus but is distinguished by the more yellowish coloration, larger size, and characters of the male genitalia. The two species are known to occur on the same host plant and are sympatric over most of their distribution.

Fig. 5.

Pretarsus. A, Ancoraphylus arctous (AMNH_PBI 00087680); B, Exocarpocoris tantulus (AMNH_PBI 00135796); C, Polyozus bulita (AMNH_PBI 00168436); D, P. furcilla (AMNH_PBI 00099437); E, P. galbanus (AMNH_PBI 00139062); F, P. kojonup (AMNH_PBI 00136470). Scale bar: 50 μm.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 20 km W of Nepabunna, Mt. Serle, 30.55365°S 138.8304°E, 630 m, 07 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427339, 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088250–00088257), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088258–00088267) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427339, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00130315–00130318), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00130321–00130323, AMNH_PBI 00130325) (AMNH). 41.5 km NW of Morgan, 33.63335°S 139.9167°E, 150 m, 01 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1996 NSW 395968, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088277, AMNH_PBI 00088278, AMNH_PBI 00088282, AMNH_PBI 00088283), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088297) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1996 NSW 395968, 12♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132473–00132481, AMNH_PBI 00132483–00132485), 20♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132487–00132497, AMNH_PBI 00132499–00132501, AMNH_PBI 00132504–00132506, AMNH_PBI 00132508–00132510) (AMNH). 5 km SW of Whyalla, 33.05085°S 137.5004°E, 30 m, 21 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056209, 14♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088268, AMNH_PBI 00088269, AMNH_PBI 00088298–00088309), 12♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088270–00088275, AMNH_PBI 00088314–00088319), 2 immatures (AMNH_PBI 00088312, AMNH_PBI 00088313) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056209, 9♂ (AMNH_PBI 00137579, AMNH_PBI 00137580, AMNH_PBI 00137582–00137588), 9♀ (AMNH_PBI 00137589–00137597) (AMNH). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056209, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088310, AMNH_PBI 00088311), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088320, AMNH_PBI 00088321) (WAMP). 75 km NW of Morgan, 5 km N Cane Grass, 33.53334°S 140.05°E, 100 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088196, AMNH_PBI 00088276, AMNH_PBI 00088279–00088281, AMNH_PBI 00088284–00088286), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088287–00088296) (AM). 8.8 km S of Oakbank, 33.11264°S 140.5524°E, 100 m, 08 Nov 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00137574) (AMNH). 96 km NW of Morgan, Pine Valley Stn, 33.31667°S 140.2°E, 150 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1995 NSW 395968, 58♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132368–00132370, AMNH_PBI 00132321, AMNH_PBI 00132324, AMNH_PBI 00132328–00132333, AMNH_PBI 00132335, AMNH_PBI 00132337–00132341, AMNH_PBI 00132343–00132347, AMNH_PBI 00132349, AMNH_PBI 00132350, AMNH_PBI 00132357–00132367, AMNH_PBI 00132371–00132393), 72♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132394–00132398, AMNH_PBI 00132400–00132423, AMNH_PBI 00132426–00132443, AMNH_PBI 00132446–00132467, AMNH_PBI 00132469, AMNH_PBI 00132470, AMNH_PBI 00132472) (AMNH). Mt Serle district (near Gammon Ranges National Park), 30.55001°S 138.837°E, 567 m, 08 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. NSW staff NSW666360, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00097182), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00097183) (AMNH). Victoria: Murray Sunset National Park, Lost Hope Track, 34.79166°S 141.8357°E, 55 m, 03 Nov 2002, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Field ID, 23♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194442–00194464), 29♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194465–00194493) (AMNH). Western Australia: 55.6 km SE of Southern Cross, 31.58895°S 119.5926°E, 470 m, 04 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Melaleuca uncinata R. Br. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff 05055989, 9♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088202–00088210), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088214–00088216), 1 immature (AMNH_PBI 00088211) (AM). Melaleuca uncinata R. Br. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff 05055989, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088200, AMNH_PBI 00088201), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088212, AMNH_PBI 00088213) (WAMP). Eneabba on Brand Highway, 29.80735°S 115.2699°E, 100 m, 31 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos sp. (Santalaceae), 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00089793, AMNH_PBI 00089795–00089797), 11♀ (AMNH_PBI 00089798–00089803, AMNH_PBI 00089805, AMNH_PBI 00089807–00089810) (AM). Moorine Rocks, 11.7 km N of Great Eastern Highway on Noongar Road, 31.22843°S 118.979°E, 345 m, 04 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056020, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00089972) (AM). ca 35 km S of Menzies, 29.96214°S 121.1323°E, 600 m, 24 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136 Host 96-44, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00135803) (AMNH).

Fig. 6.

Male genitalic structures of A, B, Ancoraphylus arctous; C–E, Exocarpocoris tantulus, and F, G, Polyozus kojonup. Scanning micrographs, scale bar measurements in μm. A, C, F, pygophore in dorsolateral view, B, D, G, detail of parameres and phallotheca, E, ventral surface of left paramere.

Fig. 7.

Right parameres of species of Ancoraphylus, Exocarpocoris, and Polyozus.

Fig. 8.

Left paramere of species of Ancoraphylus and Exocarpocoris, shown in dorsal and lateral view. Numbers on illustrations refer to characters and character states in table 2.

Fig. 9.

Left paramere of species of Polyozus, shown in dorsal and lateral view. Numbers on illustrations refer to characters and character states in table 2.

Fig. 10.

Phallotheca of species of Ancoraphylus and Exocarpocoris, in dorsal and ventral perspective. Numbers on illustrations refer to characters and character states in table 2.

Fig. 11.

Phallotheca of species of Polyozus, in dorsal and ventral perspective. Numbers on illustrations refer to characters and character states in table 2.

Fig. 12.

Vesica of species of Ancoraphylus, Exocarpocoris, and Polyozus.

Fig. 13.

Vesica of species of Polyozus.

Fig. 14.

Female genitalic structures in Ancoraphylus, Exocarpocoris, and Polyozus, comprising bursa copulatrix in dorsal view and posterior wall in ventral view.

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 55.6 km SE of Southern Cross, 31.58895°S 119.5926°E, 470 m, 04 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Melaleuca uncinata R. Br. (Myrtaceae), det. PERTH staff 05055989, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087139) (WAMP).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the moderate size, slender ovoid body, and narrow vertex, distinct color pattern consisting of cream, yellow, and brown, with distal area of corium dark brown, and characters of the male genitalia, such as the moderate-sized vesica, dorsal and ventral apical processes of moderate length, dorsal apical process truncate, with small triangular process, process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore of moderate length. Color pattern most similar to E. tantulus but distinguished by the different body shape and characters of the male genitalia.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, elongate ovate, total length 2.85–2.94, apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.87–1.98, width across pronotum 1.01–1.07. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration yellow, white, and brown. Head: Yellow, with maxillary and mandibular plates, gena, and buccula very pale yellow. Labium pale yellow, last segment strongly infuscate. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum pale yellow, with anterior margin of pronotum whitish. Pleura uniformly pale yellow. Legs: Pale yellow, tibiae distally and tarsi slightly suffused, with tibial spines dark, bases pale. Hemelytra: Corium pale yellow with distal part of endocorium and clavus brown, resulting in crescent-shaped brown mark, cuneus whitish, membrane light brown with two whitish or transparent patches on anterior margin of hemelytron distal to cuneus, whitish mark distal to clavus, veins white. Abdomen: Including pygophore pale yellow with green tinge. STRUCTURE: Head: Small, with head broadly triangular in dorsal aspect, vertex about 1.5 times as wide as eye, anteocular area of moderate length, clypeus strongly produced, maxillary plate sunken; eye of moderate size, extending over three-fourths height of head, slightly emarginate at antennal fossa; antennal fossa adjacent to anteroventral margin of eye. Antennal segment 1 slender and short, barely surpassing apex of head. Labium slender, apex of labium not reaching base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long. Legs: Slender and moderately long. Claws long and slender, pulvilli covering no more than proximal half of ventral surface of claw. Hemelytra: Almost parallel-sided, cuneus triangular. Abdomen: Slender, reaching to about apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: Of moderate size, occupying about one-third of abdomen, gradually tapering. Parameres: Right paramere, broadly lanceolate (fig. 7); left paramere of moderate size, posterior process slightly bent ventrad in lateral view, body only moderately extended horizontally (fig. 8). Phallotheca (fig. 10): Of moderate size, with finely serrate lobe on posterior surface. Vesica (fig. 12): Of moderate size, dorsal and ventral apical processes of moderate length; dorsal apical process truncate, with small triangular process; process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore of moderate length.

Fig. 15.

Distribution of species of Ancoraphylus.

Female: Unknown.

Etymology

Named for the comparatively slender body among species of Exocarpocoris, after Latin adjective “praegracilis, -e” meaning very slender.

Host (Appendix 1)

Four of the five specimens were collected on Exocarpocoris aphyllus, and one specimen on Melaleuca unciniata. This last specimen was chosen as the holotype because of its condition compared to other specimens examined. The host record for this specimen is here considered a sitting record rather than a breeding host.

Distribution

Known from three localities in the south of Western Australia (fig. 16).

Discussion

Exocarpocoris praegracilis lacks the characteristic ovoid body shape, wide vertex, and wide pronotum, as well as the small eyes of the two other species of Exocarpocoris and is treated as the sister species of E. aurum + E. tantulus in the cladistic analyses (figs. 18, 19). The general structure of the male genitalia together with the color pattern on the hemelytron and the shared host plant justify the placement of this species in the genus Exocarpocoris.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Moorine Rocks, 11.7 km N of Great Eastern Highway on Noongar Road, 31.22843°S 118.979°E, 345 m, 04 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056020, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00089957) (WAMP). ca 35 km S of Menzies, 29.96214°S 121.1323°E, 600 m, 24 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088322) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00135788) (AMNH). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00135794) (WAMP).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 96 km NW of Morgan, Pine Valley Stn, 33.31667°S 140.2°E, 150 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132322) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the small size, ovoid body, and broad head, distinct color pattern consisting of cream, yellow, and brown, with distal area of corium dark brown. Further characterized by the large vesica with the dorsal and ventral apical processes long and slender, the dorsal apical process with a squarish process, and the process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore very long, sometimes coiling around ventral apical process. Body shape most similar to E. aurum but distinguished by the different size and coloration.

Description

Male: Macropterous, small, ovoid, total length 2.07–2.37, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.49–1.59, width across pronotum 0.92–1.04. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration yellow, white, and brown. Head: Whitish with green tinge with several orange lines, one at midline, and several transverse lines on vertex, base of mandibular and maxillary plates, fasciae orange, gena and gula suffused with greenish coloration. Labium pale yellow, last segment infuscate. Thorax: Pronotum whitish with green tinge and two irregular paired orange patches on posterior lobe, mesonotum orange with whitish midline, scutellum whitish with green tinge, base with paired orange patches. Propleuron whitish with green dorsal margin and central orange spot, mesopleuron whitish and orange, metapleuron whitish with central orange spot, evaporatorium whitish. Legs: Pale yellow, tibiae distally and tarsi slightly suffused, with few small light brown spots in distal third of pro- and mesofemora and distal half of metafemur, tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium whitish and yellow with distal half of clavus, distal two-thirds of endocorium (with the exception of white distal mark), and distal fourth of exocorium dark brown, resulting in crescent-shaped dark mark, cuneus white, membrane brown with two white patches on anterior margin of hemelytron distal to apex of cuneus, one mark distal to apex of posterior cell, and a white mark distal to clavus, veins white. Abdomen: Whitish with transverse yellow and brown, sometimes also green marks, pygophore whitish with yellow marks. STRUCTURE: Head: Of moderate size, very broadly triangular in dorsal aspect, vertex about twice as wide as eye, anteocular area short, almost vertical, clypeus produced, eye small (fig. 3C), only a little more than half of height of head, not emarginate since antennal fossa removed from eye. Antenna with antennal fossa removed from anterior ventral margin of eye by about diameter of antennal segment 1. Antennal segment 1 slender and short, not reaching apex of head. Labium slender, apex of labium reaching base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum much wider than long; evaporatory area of metathoracic gland as in figure 3D. Legs: Moderately stout and short. Claws small and slender, pulvilli almost covering entire ventral surface of claw. Hemelytra: Slightly convex, cuneus triangular. Abdomen: Very stout, reaching to about apex of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore (fig. 6C): Very large and broad, taking up almost half of abdomen. Parameres: Right paramere broad (fig. 7); left paramere large, with posterior process slightly bent ventrad and with truncate apex, body with large horizontal lobe (figs. 6D, E, 8). Phallotheca (figs. 6D, 10): Large, with serrate lobe in anteroventral position, close to opening. Vesica (fig. 12): Large, body stout, dorsal and ventral apical processes long and slender; dorsal apical process slender and tapering, with squarish process; process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore very long, sometimes coiling around ventral apical process.

Female: Coloration similar to male, slightly longer than male. Total length 2.41–2.54, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.62–1.74, width across pronotum 0.95–1.05.

Etymology

Named for its comparatively small size compared to E. aurum and E. praegracilis, after Latin adjective “tantulus, -a, -um” meaning so small.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded from Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae).

Distribution

Ranges from South Australia to the Shark Bay area of Western Australia. Its distribution extends farther north than the distribution of E. aurum (fig. 16).

Discussion

Exocarpocoris tantulus is closely related to E. aurum (figs. 18, 19) but is distinguished from its sister species by the more distinct color pattern, smaller size, and structures of the male genitalia.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 20 km W of Nepabunna, Mt. Serle, 30.55365°S 138.8304°E, 630 m, 07 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427339, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088189, AMNH_PBI 00088190), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088191–00088194) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Royal Bot Gard. NSW 427339, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00130314, AMNH_PBI 00130319), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00130320, AMNH_PBI 00130324, AMNH_PBI 00130326) (AMNH). 41.5 km NW of Morgan, 33.63335°S 139.9167°E, 150 m, 01 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1996 NSW 395968, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132482, AMNH_PBI 00132486), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132498, AMNH_PBI 00132502, AMNH_PBI 00132503, AMNH_PBI 00132507) (AMNH). 75 km NW of Morgan, 5 km N Cane Grass, 33.53334°S 140.05°E, 100 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088195), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088197–00088199) (AM). 8.8 km S of Oakbank, 33.11264°S 140.5524°E, 100 m, 08 Nov 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos sp. (Santalaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00137573, AMNH_PBI 00089794), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00089804, AMNH_PBI 00089806, AMNH_PBI 00089811, AMNH_PBI 00137575–00137577) (AM). 96 km NW of Morgan, Pine Valley Stn, 33.31667°S 140.2°E, 150 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 11♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132323, AMNH_PBI 00132325–00132327, AMNH_PBI 00132334, AMNH_PBI 00132336, AMNH_PBI 00132342, AMNH_PBI 00132348, AMNH_PBI 00132351–00132353), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132399, AMNH_PBI 00132444) (AMNH). Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132356), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132471) (CNC). Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132355), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132468) (USNM). Exocarpos aphyllus (Santalaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek NSW 395968, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132354), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132445) (ZISP). Victoria: Murray Sunset National Park, Lost Hope Track, 34.79166°S 141.8357°E, 55 m, 03 Nov 2002, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Field ID, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194441) (AMNH). Western Australia: 11 km N of Coolgardie-Esperance Highway on Kambalda Road, 31.25231°S 121.5899°E, 320 m, 18 Nov 1999, R.T. Schuh and G. Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05670675, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088183–00088186), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088187, AMNH_PBI 00088188) (AMNH). 24 km SE of jct of Manga Rd and Shark Bay Rd, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, 26.39014°S 114.0094°E, 60 m, 26 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. Field ID, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088492), 7♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088493–00088499) (AM). 43 km N of Norseman, 31.85648°S 121.6414°E, 300 m, 19 Nov 1999, R. T. Schuh, G. Cassis, & R. Silveira, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05670675, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087322), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087323) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05670675, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088217–00088219), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088220, AMNH_PBI 00088221) (AMNH). 89.2 km N of jct of Agana Kilabarra Rd and Brand Highway, on Brand Highway, 27.18877°S 114.6159°E, 178 m, 24 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH 6989837, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090605, AMNH_PBI 00090606), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00090607–00090610) (AM). Exmouth (waste area behind sand-dune), Truscott Crescent (opposite Pony Club), 21.94606°S 114.1358°E, 10 m, 31 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Tatarnic, Symonds, Exocarpos sp. (Santalaceae), 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090598), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00090599–00090604) (AM). Moorine Rocks, 11.7 km N of Great Eastern Highway on Noongar Road, 31.22843°S 118.979°E, 345 m, 04 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056020, 14♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088222–00088229, AMNH_PBI 00089956, AMNH_PBI 00089958–00089962), 22♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088234–00088248, AMNH_PBI 00089967, AMNH_PBI 00089969–00089971, AMNH_PBI 00089973–00089975), 8 immatures (AMNH_PBI 00088231–00088233, AMNH_PBI 00089963–00089966, AMNH_PBI 00089968) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056020, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088230), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088249) (WAMP). ca 35 km S of Menzies, 29.96214°S 121.1323°E, 600 m, 24 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136, 16♂ (AMNH_PBI 00135784–00135787, AMNH_PBI 00135789–00135799, AMNH_PBI 00135801), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00135806–00135810), 1 immature (AMNH_PBI 00135802) (AM). Exocarpos aphyllus R. Br. (Santalaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056136, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00135782, AMNH_PBI 00135783, AMNH_PBI 00135800), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00135804, AMNH_PBI 00135805) (WAMP).

Fig. 16.

Distribution of species of Exocarpocoris.

Fig. 17.

Distribution of species of Polyozus.

Type Species

Polyozus galbanus Eyles and Schuh, 2003.

Revised Diagnosis

Recognized among Phylini by the small, elongate ovoid to large and elongate body, uniformly yellowish green, reddish brown, or brown, light green and orange coloration, mixture of suberect dark and subadpressed, flattened, silvery setae, large eyes, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the J-shaped vesica, with dorsal and ventral apical processes forming anchor-shaped apex and additional median apical process in shape of tree or fork, secondary gonopore distal to middle of vesica, facing caudad, slender, short, straight process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore, usually bent left. Among Australian Phylini, similar to Ancoraphylus, n.gen. and Exocarpocoris, n.gen. in type of vestiture and in characters of the male (e.g., shape of vesica, presence of process arising close to secondary gonopore) and female genitalia (ornamentation of posterior wall and dorsal labiate plate), but distinguished by size, shape, and coloration as well as characters of the male genitalia given above.

Revised Description

Male: Macropterous, small to large, elongate and slender, moderately elongate ovate, or ovoid and stout, total length 2.40–4.44, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.58–2.83, width across pronotum 0.84–1.27. COLORATION (figs. 1, 2): Overall coloration either rather uniformly pale green, brownish green, or pale yellowish green, sometimes with orange tinge, light brown with red tinge, or brown, with green pronotum, orange mesonotum, and orange or green scutellum. Head: Either uniformly greenish yellow or brownish green or vertex dark with clypeus, mandibular and maxillary plates, gena, and gula pale reddish brown, or head pale with red marks. Antenna usually pale, infuscate toward apex, segment 1 with or without subbasal dark ring. Labium generally pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum either rather uniformly pale green or pale orange, or light brown with red suffusion, or pronotum pale green, with mesonotum orange, and scutellum pale green or orange. Pleura usually rather uniformly pale green or orange, sometimes pale with red suffusion, or pale green and dark brown or orange. Legs: Usually uniformly pale with tarsi infuscate, small dark spots on femora, and tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium including cuneus either uniformly pale green or brown, sometimes with orange tinge, or corium and cuneus brown and proximally with pale area, or cuneus entirely pale. Abdomen: Usually pale with green or yellow tinge, pygophore with dorsal surface either pale or dark brown. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining and with two types of setae: simple, semierect or erect, dark, and flattened, subadpressed, silvery setae in variable relative abundance, subadpressed setae with oblique ridges (fig. 4C–F). STRUCTURE: Head: Triangular or very short triangular in dorsal aspect with clypeus either indistinctly produced, slightly produced, or prominent, width of vertex variable, about as wide as one eye, slightly wider, or not as wide as one eye, clypeus slightly produced, mandibular plate not produced, maxillary plate large and either slightly or not sunken. Eye large or relatively large, as high as head or almost as high, emarginate posterior to fossa, posterolateral margin contiguous with anterolateral margins of pronotum. Antennal insertion contiguous with anterior margin of eye, segment 1 slender, moderately slender or very stout, surpassing or not reaching apex of head, segment 2 long and slender, moderately long and slender, or short and stout, diameter slightly increased toward apex or strongly tapering at both ends, segment 3 longer than segment 4. Labium slender, of variable length. Thorax: Pronotum either distinctly or only slightly wider than long, anterior margin slightly or very weakly sinuate, lateral margins almost straight, posterior margin straight, anterior and posterior lobes not demarcated, calli obsolete. Legs: Slender, claws (fig. 5C–F) slender and long or of moderate length and stoutness, pulvilli small or of moderate size, parempodia setiform. Hemelytra: Almost parallel, slightly convex, or convex, cuneus elongate triangular or triangular. Abdomen: Short, either slender or stout. GENITALIA: Pygophore (fig. 6F): Of moderate size, tapering. Parameres: Right paramere (figs. 6G, 7) short and broadly lanceolate, apex short, with subapical notch on anterior surface; left paramere (figs. 6G, 9) with anterior process short or of medium length and slender or moderately stout, posterior process short or long, slender, bent ventrad and truncate at apex, body with short or large horizontal lobe. Phallotheca (figs. 6G, 11): External portion tubular or irregularly tubular, tapering or only slightly tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with shallow or large horizontal flange, distinctly serrate subapical lobe present or absent, posterior surface smooth or with weakly serrate very shallow flange, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex or short and elongate ovate. Vesica (figs. 12, 13): J-shaped, of variable size, with dorsal and ventral apical processes forming anchor-shaped apex and additional median apical process in shape of tree or fork; dorsal apical process either truncate and fan-shaped, slender and elongate, blade-shaped, and with entire or serrate margin, and with or without squarish or triangular process on ventral surface of dorsal apical blade; ventral apical process long and slender, either connected to ventral sclerotized strap of vesica or separated by membrane; secondary gonopore distal to middle of vesica, facing caudad; slender, short, straight process arising from proximal margin of secondary gonopore, usually bent left.

Female: Often somewhat smaller and more ovoid than the male, coloration lighter than or very similar to male, sexual dimorphism weak (e.g., P. bulita) to strong (e.g., P. galbanus). All species with posterior wall with fields of spicules and paired posterior processes, and dorsal labiate plate with paired areas with microtrichia (fig. 14).

Discussion

Polyozus Eyles and Schuh, 2003 was described as a monotypic genus from New Zealand with P. galbanus as the type species. Eyles and Schuh (2003) listed Acacia dealbata and A. baileyana as its hosts, but also included one record from Olearia ilicifolia and one from hemlock; both are here regarded as sitting hosts. The authors did not mention that the two species of Acacia were introduced to New Zealand from Australia in the nineteenth century, with their original distribution being southeastern Australia (Webb, 1980). The presence of Polyozus galbanus in Australia, recorded herein, is therefore not surprising. In addition, Melanotrichus australianus Carvalho, 1965 is transferred to Polyozus (and with this from Orthotylinae to Phylinae), and seven new species of Polyozus from Australia are described.

Revised Diagnosis

Recognized by the moderate size, elongate body, brown coloration with green pronotum and orange mesonotum and scutellum, dorsal surface of pygophore usually dark brown, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the small vesica with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin weakly serrate, proximal process triangular, small, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body. Among species of Polyozus, habitus, coloration, and male genitalia most similar to P. galbanus, but distinguished, among others, by the smaller size, usually orange scutellum, and vesica with triangular process on dorsal apical blade; also similar to P. manilla, but distinguished by the darker coloration, more slender body shape, and more slender and elongate left paramere (in dorsal view) in P. australianus.

Fig. 18.

Phylogenetic relationships of the 16 species of the Polyozus group: The strict consensus of the eight equally most parsimonious trees (L  =  91; CI  =  67; RI  =  83) derived from the character matrix in table 3. Solid circles on the branches indicate uniquely derived apomorphic character states; empty circles indicate homoplastic characters under unambiguous character optimization. Figures above the bars indicate number of character as shown in table 2 and appendix 1; figures below bars indicate the character state. Large figures in shaded circles denominate clades. Branch support values (Bremer support) are given above branches in square boxes.

Revised Description

Male: Of moderate size, elongate and slender (fig. 3E), total length 3.20–3.43, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.07–2.20, width across pronotum 0.93–1.04. COLORATION (fig. 1): Generally brown, with green pronotum, and orange mesonotum and scutellum. Head: Vertex dark brown, fasciae indistinct, clypeus, mandibular and maxillary plates, gena and gula pale reddish brown, base of clypeus sometimes dark brown. Antennal segments pale reddish brown, first antennal segment often with subbasal dark ring. Labial segments pale reddish brown, darker brown toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum uniformly pale green, mesonotum orange or dark brown with paired orange marks, scutellum orange. Pleura pale green with mesopleuron at least ventrally, sometimes entirely, dark brown. Legs: Pale with tarsi infuscate, forecoxa sometimes dark brown ventrally, fore and middle femora with small brown spots and hindfemur with large brown spots, tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium including cuneus usually brown but sometimes fading to pale brown with green tinge, cuneus proximally with large pale area, membrane transparent to slightly infuscate with orange veins and infuscate area distal to corial margin. Abdomen: Pale green with dorsal surface of pygophore dark brown. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, covered with stout, suberect, dark, simple setae, and flattened, subadpressed, silvery setae. STRUCTURE: Head: Head triangular in dorsal aspect, with prominent clypeus, vertex about as wide as one eye, maxillary plate sunken, eye large, as high as head. Antenna with antennal segment 1 slender and surpassing apex of head, segment 2 long and slender, slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, diameter not increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 slightly longer than segment 4. Labium slender, apex of labium reaching apex of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate; evaporatory area of metathoracic gland as in figure 3F. Legs: Claws slender and long, pulvilli small. Hemelytra: Almost parallel-sided, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Short and slender, just surpassing costal fracture. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere, see figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process of medium length and thickness, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and truncate at apex, body with large, almost horizontal lobe, slightly bent to the left. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange and distinctly serrate lobe subapically, posterior surface with weakly serrate small lobe, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 12): Small, with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin weakly serrate, proximal process triangular, small, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body.

Female: Coloration slightly paler than in male, slightly smaller and less elongate than male. Total length 2.70–3.40, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.89–2.21, width across pronotum 0.94–1.06.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded exclusively from Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). Several records were not identified to species level, but some specimens were from A. decurrens Willd. and a large series was from A. baileyana F. Muell.

Distribution

Known from the Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

Carvalho (1965) described this species as an Orthotyline in the genus Melanotrichus. Schuh (1995), synonymizing Melanotrichus with Orthotylus, subsumed it under the latter genus, but pointed out that O. australianus had an incertae sedis status, since it was “a member of the Phylinae based on illustrations of male genitalia”. The close resemblance of P. australianus to other species of the genus Polyozus justifies inclusion in this genus and therefore the transfer to Phylini, Phylinae.

Although this species appears very close to P. galbanus and has a partly overlapping distribution, it is distinct by a detail on the male vesica, the shape of the appendage on the dorsal apical process, and slightly different coloration. Possibly, P. australianus and P. galbanus are also restricted to different host plants; that is, most host records of P. australianus are from A. baileyana and A. decurrens, whereas those of P. galbanus are mostly from A. dealbata and A. mearnsii. Future collecting effort will test this hypothesis.

Specimens Examined

AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: Black Mountain, 35.26387°S 149.10051°E, 19 Nov 1985, G. Cassis, Acacia decurrens (Fabaceae), 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088063, AMNH_PBI 00087587–00087592), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087593–00087597) (AM). Canberra, 35.2833°S 149.2167°E, 605 m, 1973, J.C.M. Carvalho, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00175102, AMNH_PBI 00175103) (MNRJ). Ginninderra, 35.1652°S 149.0679°E, 03 Jan 1963, C.R. MacLellan, Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087714, AMNH_PBI 00088011), 5♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088014–00088018), 1 immature (AMNH_PBI 00088019) (AM); 04 Feb 1963, C.R. MacLellan, apple, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088012, AMNH_PBI 00088013) (AM). South Australia: Athelstone, 34.87116°S 138.70668°E, 07 Oct 1973, J.J.H. Szent-Ivany, Light Trap, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00169055) (SAMA). Tasmania: Kingston, Welcome Inn grounds just E of A6, 42.96942°S 147.287°E, 120 m, 20 Jan 2004, M.D. Schwartz and P.P. Tinerella, Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658237, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194328–00194331), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194412–00194415) (AM). Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658237, 26♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194332–00194357), 51♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194361–00194411) (AMNH). Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658237, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194325), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194358) (CNC). Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658237, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194326), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194359) (USNM). Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658237, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194327), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194360) (ZISP). Western Australia: Kevill Road, 4 km W of Margaret River, 33.94611°S 115.03666°E, 120 m, 02 Dec 1998, G. Cassis, Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 25♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088062, AMNH_PBI 00087598–00087621), 24♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087622–00087645) (AM).

Fig. 19.

Strict consensus of the two most parsimonious trees obtained with the analysis using implied weights. Characters and clades are shown as explained in figure 18.

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Bullock Creek, Camfield Homestead, 17.1°S 131.25°E, 17 Aug 1982–20 Aug 1982, I. Archibald, Light Trap, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088030) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the large size (2.86–3.51), stout and ovoid body, reddish brown coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the small vesica with dorsal apical process long, slender, and acute, without serration, proximal process squarish, slender and elongate, median apical process weakly sclerotized, tree-shaped with several branches, and ventral apical process long and slender, connected to strap of vesical body by broad sclerotized strap. Distinguished from all other species of Polyozus by the stout ovoid body shape, the short and stout antennal segment 2, and the reddish brown coloration.

Description

Male: Large (2.86–3.51), ovoid and stout, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.15–2.31, width across pronotum 1.21–1.37. COLORATION (fig. 1): General coloration light brown with red tinge. Head: Vertex pale with six red fasciae, the most posterior fascia large, base of clypeus with red mark, clypeus with paired, longitudinal red stripes, mandibular and maxillary plates, gena, and gula pale with red suffusion. Antennal segments pale, segment 1 suffused with red, and segment 4 slightly infuscate. Labial segments pale, segment 1 suffused with red, labium infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum light brown with red suffusion, with anterior margin very pale, almost white, red suffusion most prominent on calli; mesonotum and scutellum red with apex of scutellum pale or white. Pleura pale with extensive red suffusion, mesepisternum mostly red, evaporatory area mostly pale. Legs: Pale with bases of coxae suffused with red, red spots on femora, similarly distributed on the three pairs of legs, tibial spines dark, with indistinct dark bases, tarsi infuscate. Hemelytra: Corium light brown, almost translucent, with red suffusion, exocorium and cuneus red, cuneus with narrow proximal area pale, membrane translucent, cells and area distal to cuneus only weakly infuscate. Abdomen: Mostly dark red or reddish brown, with small pale areas, especially on lateral margins of anterior sternites and on pygophore. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, densely covered with adpressed, flattened, silvery or dark brown setae, scattered suberect, stout, dark, simple setae, especially on pronotal margins (fig. 4C). STRUCTURE: Head: Very short triangular, much wider than long, vertex not as wide as width of one eye, clypeus not distinctly produced, maxillary plate large and not sunken, eye large, as high as head, and much longer dorsally than ventrally. Antennal segment 1 very stout and short, not surpassing apex of head, segment 2 short and stout, tapering at both ends, segments 3 and 4 very slender compared to segment 2, segment 3 longer than segment 4. Labium slender, just reaching base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long, anterior margin very weakly sinuate. Legs: Claws of moderate length, slender, and moderate-sized pulvilli (fig. 5C). Hemelytra: Convex laterally, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere, see figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process short and slender, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and truncate at apex, body with short but distinct, almost horizontal lobe. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion tubular with tapering apex, anterior surface basally with shallow horizontal flange, no serrate lobes, opening ventral, short, elongate ovate. Vesica (fig. 12): Small, with dorsal apical process long, slender, and acute, without serration, proximal process squarish, slender and elongate, median apical process tree-shaped with several branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, connected to strap of vesical body by broad sclerotized strap.

Female: Coloration, size, and shape similar to male. Total length 3.11–3.22, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.13–2.48, width across pronotum 1.30–1.41.

Etymology

Named for one of the collecting sites, Bulita outstation in the Northern Territory.

Host

Unknown, collected at light.

Distribution

Known from three collecting events, two in the Northern Territory and one in South Australia close to the boarder of the Northern Territory. This species seems to be restricted to the dry interior of Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

Although the male genitalia unambiguously associates this species with the remaining species of Polyozus, P. bulita is distinct from all other species of the genus Polyozus by its different body shape (ovoid) and distinct coloration (brown and reddish, rather than green). The cladistic analysis presented here treats P. bulita as the sister group to all remaining species of Polyozus (figs. 18, 19).

Fig. 20.

Fast optimization of host plants of Phylini of the Polyozus group on the strict consensus of the unweighted analysis.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Bulita outstation, 16.07°S 130.25°E, 22 Jun 1986–03 Jul 1986, M. Malipatil, Light Trap, 15♂ (AMNH_PBI 00168429–00168443, AMNH_PBI 00087652), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00168444–00168446) (MAGD). Bullock Creek, Camfield Homestead, 17.1°S 131.25°E, 17 Aug 1982–20 Aug 1982, I. Archibald, Light Trap, 19♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088020–PBI 00088029, AMNH_PBI 00088031–00088039), 13♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088048–00088060) (AM). Light Trap, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088040–00088043, AMNH_PBI 00139099), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00088044–PBI 00088047) (AMNH). South Australia: Cadelga Homestead, 26.08949°S 140.4106°E, 150 m, 04 Nov 1998, Schuh, Cassis, Silveira, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087709) (AM).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 14.3 km S of Erudina Woolshed, 31.53334°S 139.5506°E, 86 m, 09 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Senna form taxon ‘coriacea’ (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW666376, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00099438) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the smallish size, elongate ovoid body, large vesica, tubular dorsal apical process without proximal process, ventral apical process almost straight, not connected to strap of vesical body, median apical process well sclerotized, consisting of one stem with one small tooth on apical half. Habitus and genitalia very similar to P. tridens, but distinguished by the structure of the vesica, the median apical process with only one tooth on apical half.

Description

Male: Small (2.64–2.88) and elongate ovoid, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.74–1.7, width across pronotum 0.88–0.95. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration pale green with orange tinge. Head: Uniformly orange, fasciae on vertex indistinct. Antennal segments pale and gradually infuscate toward apex, brown ring subbasally on segment 1. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum pale green with orange tinge, mesonotum and scutellum orange. Pleura pale orange. Legs: Uniformly pale with tarsi infuscate, very small dark spots on femora, tibial spines dark with very small dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium and cuneus uniformly pale orange, membrane pale, anterior cell slightly infuscate, veins yellowish. Abdomen: Pale with greenish tinge. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, densely covered with moderately stout, suberect, dark, simple setae, and more scattered, flattened, adpressed, silvery setae (fig. 4D). STRUCTURE: Head: Short, vertex slightly wider than width of one eye, clypeus slightly produced, maxillary plate sunken; eye large, as high as head, emarginate posterior to antennal fossa. Antennal segment 1 moderately slender and slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length and diameter, slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 slightly longer than segment 4. Labium slender, apex of labium surpassing base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws slender and of moderate length, pulvilli of moderate size (fig. 5D). Hemelytra: Slightly convex laterally, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere, see figure 7; left paramere with short, slender anterior process, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and slightly truncate at apex, body with large, straight, almost horizontal lobe (fig. 9). Phallotheca: External portion irregularly tubular, only slightly tapering toward truncate apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica: Large, with tubular dorsal apical process without proximal process, ventral apical process almost straight, not connected to strap of vesical body, median apical process well sclerotized, consisting of one stem with one small tooth in apical half.

Female: Coloration slightly more faded than in male, slightly smaller than male. Total length 2.52–2.73, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.62–1.74, width across pronotum 0.82–0.95.

Etymology

Named for the shape of the median apical process of the vesica, which resembles a fork, after Latin noun “furcilla” (f.) meaning little fork.

Host (Appendix 1)

Most specimens were recorded from species of Senna (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) during three collecting events, with one record of three specimens from Eremophila (Myoporaceae) probably representing a sitting record.

Distribution

Known from three collecting sites in South Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

This species is closely related to P. tridens based on habitus and male genitalia (e.g., the strongly sclerotized median apical process in the vesica), but it appears to be distinct based on the fine structure of the median process, which is forked in P. furcilla and shaped as a trident in P. tridens.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 14.3 km S of Erudina Woolshed, 31.53334°S 139.5506°E, 86 m, 09 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Senna form taxon ‘coriacea’ (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW666376, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00099439–00099442) (AM). Senna form taxon ‘coriacea’ (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW666376, 34♂ (AMNH_PBI 00099409–00099437, AMNH_PBI 00099443–00099447), 57♀ (AMNH_PBI 00099448–00099504) Eremophila sturtii R. Br. (Myoporaceae), det. NSW staff NSW666375, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00099298), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00099299, AMNH_PBI 00099300) (AMNH). 5 km SW of Whyalla, 33.05085°S 137.5004°E, 30 m, 21 Oct 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Senna glutinosa (DC.) Randell (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff 05056497, 6♂ (AMNH_PBI 00136729–00136734), 13♀ (AMNH_PBI 00136735–00136747) (AMNH). 75 km NW of Morgan, 5 km N Cane Grass, 33.53334°S 140.05°E, 100 m, 02 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Senna artemisioides ssp. coriacea (DC.) Randell (Fabaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1996 NSW 395974, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090624, AMNH_PBI 00128747), 11♀ (AMNH_PBI 00128748–00128758) Senna artemisioides ssp. coriacea (DC.) Randell (Fabaceae), det. B.M. Wiecek 1996 NSW 395974, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090624, AMNH_PBI 00128747), 11♀ (AMNH_PBI 00128748–00128758) (AM).

Modified Diagnosis

Recognized by the large size, elongate body, dark brown coloration with green pronotum and scutellum and orange mesonotum, small vesica, with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin weakly serrate, proximal process square, large, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body. Habitus similar to P. australianus, but distinguished by the coloration of the scutellum and the shape of the proximal process on the dorsal apical process; vesica similar to P. mina, but distinguished by the serrate, blade-shaped dorsal apical process, and similar to P. kurringai, but distinguished by the smaller size of the vesica, apart from the general coloration.

Redescription

Male: Large (3.51–3.86), elongate and slender, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.24–2.46, width across pronotum 1.03–1.11. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration brown, with green pronotum and scutellum, and orange mesonotum. Head: Uniformly greenish yellow, fasciae indistinct. Antenna pale brown, infuscate toward apex, segment 1 with subbasal dark ring. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum uniformly green with yellow tinge, mesonotum orange, scutellum pale green with apex pale. Pleura pale green and yellow. Legs: Pale with tarsi infuscate, fore and middle femora with small brown spots and hindfemur with large brown spots; tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium brown with clavus and distal part of exocorium brown, cuneus pale, distally slightly suffused with orange and with proximal area clear, membrane transparent to slightly infuscate, with anterior cell distinctly infuscate, veins orange. Abdomen: Pale green with dorsal surface of pygophore dark brown. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, densely covered with moderately stout, suberect, dark, simple setae, and more scattered, flattened, adpressed, silvery setae (fig. 4E). STRUCTURE: Head: Triangular in dorsal aspect, vertex about as wide as one eye, clypeus slightly produced, maxillary plate sunken, eye large, as high as head. Antennal segment 1 slender and surpassing apex of head, segment 2 long and slender, slightly smaller in diameter than segment 1, diameter slightly increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 more than twice as long as segment 4. Labium slender, apex reaching base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws of moderate length and stoutness and pulvilli of moderate size (fig. 5E). Hemelytra: Almost parallel-sided, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Short and slender, just surpassing costal fracture. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere, see figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process of medium length and thickness, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and truncate at apex, body with large, almost horizontal lobe, slightly bent to the left. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange and distinct serrate lobe subapically, posterior surface with weakly serrate, very shallow flange, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 13): Small, with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin weakly serrate; proximal process square, large; median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized; ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body.

Female: Paler coloration than male, distinctly shorter and more ovoid body shape than male. Total length 2.90–3.63, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.90–2.37, width across pronotum 0.99–1.24. Female genitalia as in figure 14.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded predominantly from Acacia dealbata and A. mearnsii (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). Eyles and Schuh (2003) provided additional host records from Acacia dealbata, A. baileyana, an undetermined species of Acacia, and two sitting records on Olearia (Asteraceae) and hemlock (Apiaceae) in New Zealand.

Distribution

Recorded from New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania (fig. 17). The type locality is Outram, Dunedin, in New Zealand, but Eyles and Schuh (2003) recorded this species from numerous additional sites in New Zealand (fig. 17). The original distribution of P. galbanus is here assumed to be Australia including Tasmania, since its primary host plants, Acacia dealbata and A. baileyana, were introduced to New Zealand in the 1870s (Webb, 1980) from their endemic range in southeastern Australia and Tasmania. The occurrence of P. galbanus in New Zealand can therefore possibly be attributed to human-induced dispersal of its host plant (e.g., as eggs embedded in the stems of the host plants).

Discussion

This species is closely related to P. australianus (Carvalho) judging from habitus and male genitalic features, but it is distinguished by coloration and by the shape of the appendage on the dorsal apical process.

Specimens Examined: Paratypes

NEW ZEALAND: Dunedin: Outram, 45.86666°S 170.23333°E, 11 Dec 1998, A.C. Eyles, wattle, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139094) (AMNH). Christchurch, 43.53333°S 172.66667°E, 01 Dec 1998, A.C. Eyles and R.P. Macfarlane, Racosperma dealbatum (Fabaceae), 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139095), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00139097) (AMNH). Kowhai Bush, 39.916°S 175.266°E, 18 Dec 1998, A. C. Eyles, Racosperma sp. (Fabaceae), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00139096) (AMNH).

Other Specimens Examined: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 119.9 km E of Broken Hill on Barrier Highway, 31.71668°S 142.6912°E, 231 m, 10 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139061) (AMNH). 17 km N of Bega, 36.58334°S 149.8333°E, 50 m, 10 Nov 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395993, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139049–00139052), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00139053, AMNH_PBI 00139054) (AMNH). 65 km N of Sydney on Pacific Highway, 33.53334°S 151.1833°E, 100 m, 19 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. [introduced] (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395901, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139055, AMNH_PBI 00139056), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00139057–00139060) (AMNH). Araluen, 35.65001°S 149.8167°E, 50 m, 11 Nov 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395993, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087707, AMNH_PBI 00087708) (AM). Bournda National Park, North Wallagoot, Turingal Head, 36.78452°S 149.9568°E, 16 m, 20 Nov 2002, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658198, 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139081–00139087), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00139088–00139091) (AMNH). Ermington, 12 Nov 1958, P.M. Goodwin, 1♂ (AM). South Australia: 1 km S of Riverton, 34.16667°S 138.75°E, 250 m, 30 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395959, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131645–00131648), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00131651–00131660) (AMNH). 14.3 km S of Erudina Woolshed, 31.53334°S 139.5506°E, 86 m, 09 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Senna form taxon ‘petiolaris’ (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 666374, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139062, AMNH_PBI 00139064) Eremophila sturtii (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 666375, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00139063) (AMNH). Tasmania: 7 km W of Southwest National Park (Maydena access): intersection of Frodsham's Pass and Gordon River Rd, 42.82103°S 146.31018°E, 306 m, 18 Jan 2004, M.D. Schwartz and P.P. Tinerella, Acacia dealbata Link (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff NSW658224, 6♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194274–00194279), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194280) (AMNH). Avoca Picnic Area, just NW of A4, 41.78387°S 147.7182°E, 197 m, 27 Jan 2004, M.D. Schwartz and P.P. Tinerella, Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata Link (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 658267, 18♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194416–00194433), 7♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194434–00194440) (AMNH). Devonport, Stoney Rise, 41.17801°S 146.35871°E, 70 m, 11 Jan 1995, L. Hill, Light Trap, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00088061) (AM). Kingston, Welcome Inn grounds just E of A6, 42.96942°S 147.287°E, 120 m, 20 Jan 2004, M.D. Schwartz and P.P. Tinerella, Acacia baileyana F. Muell. (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 658237, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194322–00194324) Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata Link (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 658235, 25♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194281–00194305), 16♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194306–00194321) (AMNH). Launceston, 41.43611°S 147.14645°E, [collector and date unknown], 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00169054) (SAMA). Mt. Field National Park, Russell Falls Visitor Centre, 42.68151°S 146.7168°E, 167 m, 16 Jan 2004, M.D. Schwartz and P.P. Tinerella, Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata Link (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 658219, 8♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194226–00194233), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194256–00194261) (AM). Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata Link (Fabaceae), det. NSW staff 658219, 17♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194234–00194250), 17♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194251–00194255, AMNH_PBI 00194262–00194273) (AMNH).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 3 km S of Kojonup, Sampson Road, 33.87088°S 117.1648°E, 310 m, 08 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Jacksonia sternbergiana Hueg. (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff 05879132, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00136469) (WAMP).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the very large size (3.97–4.44), elongate and slightly ovoid body (fig, 3E), rather uniformly yellowish green coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the large vesica with short and truncate, fan-shaped dorsal apical process without proximal process, ventral apical process almost straight, median apical process consisting of one weakly sclerotized stem with only few very short apical branches. Habitus most similar to P. kurringai, but distinguished by the male genitalia. Coloration similar to P. furcilla and P. tridens, but distinguished by the much larger body size in P. kojonup.

Description

Male: Very large (3.97–4.44) and elongate ovoid, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.60–2.83, width across pronotum 1.18–1.27. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration pale yellowish green. Head: Uniformly greenish yellow, fasciae indistinct. Antenna pale, infuscate toward apex, subbasal dark ring on segment 1 obsolete. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum and scutellum uniformly yellowish green, mesonotum with orange tinge. Pleura greenish yellow. Legs: Legs uniformly pale with tarsi infuscate, tibial spines dark with pale bases. Hemelytra: Corium and cuneus uniformly greenish yellow, membrane clear to slightly smoky, veins pale orange. Abdomen: Pale green, gradually turning to greenish yellow toward pygophore, dorsal surface of pygophore pale. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum shining, vestiture consisting of about equally abundant dark, suberect, simple setae and flattened, subadpressed, silvery setae (fig. 4F). STRUCTURE: Head: Very short triangular in dorsal aspect, anteocular portion short, vertex slightly wider than one eye, clypeus produced, and maxillary plate sunken, eye large, as high as head. Antennal segment 1 slender and surpassing apex of head, segment 2 long and slender, slightly smaller in diameter than segment 1, diameter slightly increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 much longer than segment 4. Labium slender, apex of labium only reaching base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum only slightly wider than long, anterior margin slightly sinuate; evaporatory area of metathoracic gland as in figure 3F. Legs: Claws of moderate length and stoutness and pulvilli of moderate size (fig. 5F). Hemelytra: Slightly convex, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Pygophore: See figure 6F. Parameres: Right paramere as in figures 6G, 7; left paramere (figs. 6G, 9) with anterior process short and moderately stout, posterior process short, tapering, bent ventrad, truncate at apex, body with horizontal lobe of moderate size. Phallotheca (figs. 6G, 11): External portion tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large lobe and shallow subapical flange, posterior surface smooth, opening ventral, subapical, elongate ovate. Vesica (fig. 13): Large, with short and truncate, fan-shaped dorsal apical process without proximal process, ventral apical process almost straight, median apical process consisting of one weakly sclerotized stem with only few very short apical branches.

Female: Coloration similar to male, somewhat smaller and more ovoid than male. Total length 3.66–4.19, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.47–2.77, width across pronotum 1.16–1.32.

Etymology

Named for the type locality.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded from Jacksonia cupulifera Meisn., J. horrida DC., and J. sternbergiana Hueg. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae).

Distribution

Known from three localities in the south of Western Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

This species appears to be most closely related to P. furcilla and P. tridens (based on the cladistic analysis; figs. 18, 19), which it resembles in coloration and in some characteristics of the male genitalia.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 15 km NW of Northampton, on Port Gregory Rd (toward Gregory), 28.30029°S 114.5096°E, 167 m, 22 Oct 2004, Cassis, Wall, Weirauch, Symonds, Jacksonia cupulifera Meisn. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 6989640, 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090627, AMNH_PBI 00090628, AMNH_PBI 00090628, AMNH_PBI 00090629, AMNH_PBI 00090629–00090631), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00090630–00090632, AMNH_PBI 00090632, AMNH_PBI 00090633, AMNH_PBI 00090633, AMNH_PBI 00090634, AMNH_PBI 00090634–00090636) (AM). Jacksonia cupulifera Meisn. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 6989640, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00090625, AMNH_PBI 00090626), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00090637–00090640) (WAMP). 3 km S of Kojonup, Sampson Road, 33.87088°S 117.1648°E, 310 m, 08 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Jacksonia sternbergiana Hueg. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 05879132, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00136461, AMNH_PBI 00136462, AMNH_PBI 00136464), 7♀ (AMNH_PBI 00136492–00136498) (AM). Jacksonia sternbergiana Hueg. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 05879132, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00136463, AMNH_PBI 00136467, AMNH_PBI 00136468, AMNH_PBI 00136470, AMNH_PBI 00136471), 10♀ (AMNH_PBI 00136475–00136484) (AMNH). Jacksonia sternbergiana Hueg. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 05879132, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00136465, AMNH_PBI 00136466), 7♀ (AMNH_PBI 00136485–00136491) (WAMP). Leeuwin Naturaliste National Park, Canal Rocks, 33.66513°S 115.0165°E, 50 m, 15 Dec 1997, Schuh, Cassis, Brailovsky, Asquith, Jacksonia horrida DC. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 05056314, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131176), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00131178–00131181) (AMNH). Jacksonia horrida DC. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), det. PERTH staff 05056314, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131177) (WAMP).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Park, McCarrs Creek, West Head Rd., 33.66668°S 151.25°E, 100 m, 14 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Grevillea buxifolia (Sm.) R.Br. (Proteaceae), 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132267) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the large size, elongate and slightly ovoid body, uniformly pale yellowish green coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the large vesica, with dorsal apical process bladelike, with serration on exterior surface, process of square shape, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches. Habitus similar to P. mina, but distinguished by vestiture and male genitalia, vesica most similar to P. galbanus and P. mina, but distinguished from both by the larger size of the vesica and distinguished from P. mina by the serration on the dorsal apical blade.

Description

Male: Large (3.45–3.89), elongate ovoid, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.12–2.47, width across pronotum 1.07–1.19. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration very pale yellowish green, yellow suffusion most prominent on pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum. Head: Uniformly greenish yellow, fasciae indistinct. Antenna pale, infuscate toward apex, segment 1 with subbasal dark ring. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum uniformly pale yellowish green, apex of scutellum pale. Pleura pale greenish yellow. Legs: Legs pale with tarsi infuscate, all femora with small brown spots, tibial spines dark with irregular dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium and cuneus uniformly pale greenish yellow, membrane clear, sometimes with anterior cell and patch distal to cells infuscate, veins pale orange. Abdomen: Pale green, gradually turning to greenish yellow toward pygophore, dorsal surface of pygophore pale. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, densely covered with moderately stout, suberect, dark, simple setae, and flattened, adpressed, silvery setae, the two types of setae of similar abundance. STRUCTURE: Head: Triangular in dorsal aspect, vertex slightly wider than one eye, clypeus produced, and maxillary plate sunken, eye large, almost as high as head. Antennal segment 1 slender and surpassing apex of head, segment 2 long and slender, slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, diameter slightly increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 longer than segment 4. Labium slender, apex of labium reaching apex of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws of moderate length and stoutness and pulvilli of moderate size. Hemelytra: Slightly convex laterally, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere as in figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process of medium length and thickness, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and truncate at apex, body with large, almost horizontal lobe, slightly bent to the left. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange and distinctly serrate lobe subapically, posterior surface with weakly serrate very shallow flange, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 13): Large, with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin weakly serrate, proximal process square, large, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body.

Female: Coloration similar to male, somewhat more faded; shorter than male and slightly more ovoid body. Total length 3.12–3.50, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 2.10–2.28, width across pronotum 1.07–1.10.

Etymology

Named for the type locality.

Host (Appendix 1)

The single recorded host for this species is Grevillea buxifolia (Sm.) R.Br. (Proteaceae).

Distribution

Known from Ku-Ring-Gai Chase and Royal National Parks close to Sydney, in New South Wales (fig. 17).

Discussion

Closely related to P. manilla and the sister species P. australianus and P. galbanus according to the present analysis, based on the shape of the dorsal apical process of the male vesica.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Park, McCarrs Creek, West Head Rd., 33.66668°S 151.25°E, 100 m, 14 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Grevillea buxifolia (Proteaceae), 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132273, AMNH_PBI 00132274), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132278, AMNH_PBI 00132279) (AM). Grevillea buxifolia (Proteaceae), 13♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132259–00132266, AMNH_PBI 00132268–00132272), 19♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132280–00132298) (AMNH). Royal National Park, Warumbul Road, 34.06667°S 151.0965°E, 111 m, 14 Nov 2001, Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz, Silveira, Grevillea buxifolia (Sm.) R.Br. (Proteaceae), det. Field ID, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194494–00194496), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194520, AMNH_PBI 00194521) (AM). Grevillea buxifolia (Sm.) R.Br. (Proteaceae), det. Field ID, 7♂ (AMNH_PBI 00194497–00194503), 16♀ (AMNH_PBI 00194504–00194519) (AMNH).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 37 km W of Retreat (20 km E Manilla), 30.66668°S 150.8°E, 450 m, 24 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Notelaea microcarpa R.Br. (Oleaceae), det. K.D. Hill 1996 395921 H95-22, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087654) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the small size, moderately elongate ovate body, pale green or brown general coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the small vesica with dorsal apical process bladelike, with serration on exterior surface and process of triangular shape, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches. Habitus similar to P. australianus, but distinguished by the different coloration, body shape, the left paramere stouter and shorter (in dorsal view) in that species.

Description

Male: Of moderate size, elongate ovoid, total length 3.02–3.43, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.91–2.05, width across pronotum 1.01–1.09. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration green, pale brown, pale orange, and orange. Head: Vertex and clypeus pale orange, sometimes vertex medially with pale area and base of clypeus brown, fasciae indistinct, mandibular and maxillary plates, gena and gula pale to sometimes vivid green. Antennal segments pale and gradually infuscate toward apex, brown ring subbasally on segment 1. Labial segments pale, darker toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum green, calli and posterior lobe with yellow tinge and with more or less distinct pale median longitudinal line, mesonotum orange with paired green marks, scutellum green with pale apex. Pleura green with large parts of mesepisternum and metepisternum orange. Legs: Pale with tarsi infuscate, fore and middle femora with small brown spots and hindfemur with larger brown spots, tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium including cuneus usually pale brown with greenish tinge, sometimes brown, cuneus with large proximal clear area, membrane infuscate, veins pale to orange, anterior cell distinctly infuscate, with contrasting clear area anterior to cell and distal to corium. Abdomen: Pale green anteriorly, with gradually increasing yellow tinge toward pygophore. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum shining, densely covered with moderately stout, subadpressed, dark, simple setae, and flattened, adpressed, silvery setae. STRUCTURE: Head: Short, vertex slightly wider than width of one eye, clypeus slightly produced, and maxillary plate sunken; eye large, as high as head. Antennal segment 1 moderately slender and slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length and diameter, slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, diameter not increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 longer than segment 4. Labium very slender, apex not reaching base of metacoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws of moderate length and stoutness and pulvilli of moderate size. Hemelytra: Hemelytra with costal margins subparallel, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Short and slender, just surpassing costal fracture. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere as in figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process of medium length and thickness, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and truncate at apex, body with distinct, almost horizontal lobe, slightly bent to the left. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange and small serrate lobe subapically, posterior surface with weakly serrate small lobe, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 13): Small, with dorsal apical process blade-shaped and with exterior margin indistinctly serrate, proximal process triangular, small, median apical process tree-shaped with numerous branches, weakly sclerotized, ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body.

Female: Color pattern similar to male, slightly paler, shorter and more ovoid than male. Total length 2.91–3.12, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.90–2.02, width across pronotum 1.02–1.10.

Etymology

Named for the type locality.

Host (Appendix 1)

Known from Notelaea microcarpa (Oleaceae). Notelaea microcarpa is distributed in the north-east of New South Wales, eastern Queensland, and the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory (AVH).

Distribution

Known from two collecting events in northern New South Wales, located about 15 km apart (fig. 17).

Discussion

The cladistic analysis gives evidence that this species is closely related to P. kuringgai, P. australianus, and P. galbanus. Both P. australianus and P. galbanus are restricted to Acacia spp. Future collecting will show whether Notelea is a breeding host for P. manilla whose relatives appear to be restricted to Acacia.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 22 km W of Retreat (35 km E Manilla), 30.66668°S 150.8833°E, 600 m, 23 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Notelaea microcarpa R.Br. (Oleaceae), det. K.D. Hill 1996 NSW 395921, 14♂ (AMNH_PBI 00132647–00132660), 15♀ (AMNH_PBI 00132662–00132676) (AMNH). 37 km W of Retreat (20 km E Manilla), 30.66668°S 150.8°E, 450 m, 24 Oct 1995, Schuh and Cassis, Notelaea microcarpa R.Br. (Olacaceae), det. K.D. Hill 1996 395921 H95-22, 11♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087653, AMNH_PBI 00087655–00087664), 9♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087665–00087673) (AM).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: Para Wirra National Park, 34.91668°S 138.9167°E, 350 m, 31 Oct 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Acacia paradoxa DC. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395964, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131844) (AMNH).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the small size, moderately elongate ovate body, uniformly yellowish green coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the vesica of moderate size, dorsal apical process slender, long, without serration, proximal process squarish and short, and median apical process consisting of several branches. Habitus most similar to P. kuringgai, but distinguished by the smaller body size and smaller vesica. Male genitalia most similar to P. galbanus, but distinguished by vesica with median apical process with few branches and dorsal apical process without serration. Also distinguished from P. galbanus by the smaller size.

Description

Male: Of moderate size, elongate ovoid, total length 2.60–3.18, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.70–2.08, width across pronotum 0.97–1.04. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration rather uniformly brownish green with yellow tinge, mesonotum and apex of scutellum orange. Head: Uniformly brownish green with yellow tinge, fasciae present as pale dark marks, base of clypeus with dark mark. Antenna pale, with dark ring subbasally on segment 1, infuscate toward apex. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum and scutellum uniformly brownish green with yellow tinge, mesonotum orange, scutellum with apex pale. Pleura pale greenish yellow with mesopleuron ventrally dark brown. Legs: Pale with tarsi infuscate, fore and middle femora with scattered small brown spots and hindfemur more densely marked with large brown spots, tibial spines dark with dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium and cuneus rather uniformly brownish green with yellow tinge, proximal margin of cuneus with indistinct translucent area, membrane infuscate with some clear patches, veins orange. Abdomen: Including dorsal surface of pygophore pale greenish yellow. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, densely covered with semierect, simple, dark setae interspersed with flattened, subadpressed, silvery setae. STRUCTURE: Head: Short, vertex slightly wider than width of one eye, slightly produced clypeus, and sunken maxillary plate, eye large, but not quite reaching ventral margin of head. Antennal segment 1 moderately slender and slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length and diameter, slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, diameter slightly increased toward apex, segments 3 and 4 missing in all observed specimens. Labium slender, reaching base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws of moderate length and stoutness and pulvilli of moderate size. Hemelytra: Slightly convex laterally, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere as in figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with anterior process of moderate length and thickness, posterior process long, slender, slightly bent ventrad and anteriad, truncate at apex, body with large, straight, almost horizontal lobe. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, tapering toward apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange and subapically with distinct serrate lobe, posterior surface with notched and serrate small lobe, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 13): Small, with dorsal apical process tubular, elongate, and with pointed apex, exterior margin smooth; proximal process squarish, large, median apical process tree-shaped with several branches, weakly sclerotized; ventral apical process long and slender, not connected to strap of vesical body.

Female: Coloration slightly paler than in male, body shorter and more ovoid than male. Total length 2.64–2.76, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.82–1.88, width across pronotum 0.90–1.09.

Etymology

Named for the smooth surface of the dorsal apical blade, after the Latin adjective “minus, -a, -um”, meaning smooth or hairless.

Host (Appendix 1)

Recorded from Acacia paradoxa (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae).

Distribution

Known from one collecting site in southern South Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

The cladistic analysis presented here treats P. mina as the sister group to clade 14 (P. kuringgai, P. manilla, P. australianus, and P. galbanus).

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 7 km E Para Wirra National Park near Williamstown, 34.70001°S 138.85°E, 250 m, 31 Oct 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Acacia paradoxa DC. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395964, 3♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087711, AMNH_PBI 00087713) (AM). Para Wirra National Park, 34.91668°S 138.9167°E, 350 m, 31 Oct 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, Acacia paradoxa DC. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395964 Host 95-65, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131839), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00131850) (AM). Acacia paradoxa DC. (Fabaceae), det. B.J. Conn 1996 NSW 395964 Host 95-65, 5♂ (AMNH_PBI 00131840–00131843, AMNH_PBI 00131845), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00131848, AMNH_PBI 00131849) (AMNH).

Holotype

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 8.8 km S of Oakbank, 33.11264°S 140.5524°E, 100 m, 08 Nov 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Senna stowardii? (S. Moore) B.R. Randell (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), det. PERTH staff 05236541, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087403) (AM).

Diagnosis

Recognized by the small size, elongate ovoid body, uniformly pale yellow coloration, and characters of the male genitalia, most notably the large vesica, with tubular dorsal apical process without proximal process, ventral apical process almost straight, not connected to strap of vesical body, and the well-sclerotized median apical process, consisting of one stem with two small teeth at about middle of process. Habitus and genitalia similar to P. furcilla, but distinguished by the structure of the vesica, with the median apical process with two teeth at about the middle in P. tridens.

Description

Male: Small and elongate ovoid, total length 2.47–2.77, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.58–1.78, width across pronotum 0.84–0.89. COLORATION (fig. 2): General coloration pale with yellow tinge, suffused with orange on pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum. Head: Uniformly pale yellow, fasciae indistinct. Antennal segments pale and gradually infuscate toward apex, with brown ring subbasally on segment 1. Labium pale, infuscate toward apex. Thorax: Pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum pale orange. Pleura pale yellow, partly suffused with orange. Legs: Uniformly pale with tarsi infuscate, very small dark spots on femora, tibial spines dark with very small dark bases. Hemelytra: Corium and cuneus uniformly pale, membrane pale, veins yellowish. Abdomen: Pale green. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Dorsum weakly shining, with moderately stout, subadpressed, dark, simple setae, and flattened, adpressed, silvery setae. STRUCTURE: Head: Short, vertex slightly wider than width of one eye, clypeus slightly produced, and maxillary plate sunken, eye large, as high as head. Antennal segment 1 moderately slender and slightly surpassing apex of head, segment 2 of moderate length and diameter, of slightly smaller diameter than segment 1, segments 3 and 4 slender, segment 3 about as long as segment 4. Labium slender, apex of labium surpassing base of mesocoxa. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long and anterior margin slightly sinuate. Legs: Claws slender and of moderate length, and pulvilli of moderate size. Hemelytra: Hemelytra slightly convex laterally, cuneus elongate triangular. Abdomen: Stout, reaching to about middle of cuneus. GENITALIA: Parameres: Right paramere as in figure 7; left paramere (fig. 9) with short and slender anterior process, posterior process long, slender, bent ventrad, and slightly truncate at apex, body with large, straight, almost horizontal lobe. Phallotheca (fig. 11): External portion irregularly tubular, only slightly tapering toward truncate apex, anterior surface basally with large horizontal flange, opening ventral, slitlike at base and extended toward apex. Vesica (fig. 13): Large, with tubular dorsal apical process without proximal process; ventral apical process almost straight, not connected to strap of vesical body; median apical process well sclerotized, consisting of one stem with two small teeth at about middle of process.

Female: Coloration similar to male, size about same as in male. Total length 2.30–2.50, length apex clypeus–cuneal fracture 1.57–1.74, width across pronotum 0.83–0.97.

Etymology

Named for the shape of the median apical process of the vesica, after Latin adjective “tridens, -entis”, meaning having three teeth or prongs.

Host (Appendix 1)

The only known host was recorded as Senna, probably Senna stowardii (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae).

Distribution

Known from one locality near Oakbank, South Australia (fig. 17).

Discussion

This species is close to P. furcilla, but it is distinguished by the shape of the median apical process of the vesica.

Paratypes

AUSTRALIA: South Australia: 8.8 km S of Oakbank, 33.11264°S 140.5524°E, 100 m, 08 Nov 1996, Schuh and Cassis, Senna stowardii? (S. Moore) B.R. Randell (Fabaceae), det. PERTH staff 05236541, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00087646), 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00087404, AMNH_PBI 00087647–00087651) (AM).

Host Plant Associations

Unambiguous optimization of host plants on the present analysis of the Polyozus group fails to identify the host plant of the last common ancestor of the entire clade, but fast optimization (fig. 20) treats Acacia as the ancestral host plant.

The genus Exocarpocoris is restricted to Exocarpos aphyllus, pointing to a host switch to that plant and subsequent evolution of this clade on E. aphyllus. Based on available evidence (i.e., cladistic analysis and host plant records), the speciation event that gave rise to the sister species E. aurum and E. tantulus has taken place on E. aphyllus.

Host plant distribution using fast optimization on the tree (fig. 20) indicates further that the sister groups Ancoraphylus and Polyozus evolved on Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), and that within the genus Polyozus species switched to other groups of hosts. The host plant of A. arctous is unknown, but judging from host associations of related taxa and cladistic analysis, it is most likely Acacia. The same prediction could be made for Polyozus bulita, which was so far only collected at light. Within clade 11 of the genus Polyozus, the sister species P. australianus and P. galbanus, both with numerous host records, and P. mina are recorded from species of Acacia. Polyozus furcilla and tridens are recorded from Senna (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), and Polyozus kojonup occurs on Jacksonia (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). Although not in the same subfamily, Senna and Jacksonia belong to the same plant family as Acacia, a fact that might facilitate host switching. The host switches that appear to have occurred in P. kuringgai (to Grevillea, Proteaceae) and P. manilla (to Notelaea, Oleaceae) in contrast have crossed family boarders.

Distribution of Species of the Polyozus group (Figs. 15–Fig. 16.17)

Even though Polyozus galbanus was described from New Zealand, the present study provides evidence that P. galbanus, but also other species of this genus and related genera, are of Australian origin (see discussion of P. galbanus). The species of Polyozus are mostly distributed in the southeast, south, and west of Australia, with the exception of P. bulita, which appears to be restricted to the dry interior of the continent. Due to the limited number of records for most species of the Polyozus group, the range of distribution for most species is poorly known. Some species may be relatively restricted. A notable exception is P. australianus, which extends from the Australian Capital Territory in the east to southern Western Australia.

Compared to Polyozus, the species of Ancoraphylus are more northern and occur mostly in the dry interior of the continent.

The distribution of Exocarpocoris species resembles generally that of Polyozus spp. in being restricted to areas close to the coast. The wide distribution of both E. aurum and E. tantulus from South Australia to Western Australia (in the case of E. tantulus even up to the Shark Bay area) is noteworthy.